I am the Rising Daughter.
Rising Tall and Strong.
Voicing the Unsaid
Silent Whispers of the Mother Giving Her Name.
I am the Rising Daughter.
Rising for All.
Gathering the Fading Memories of the Grandmother Giving Her Form.
I am the Rising Daughter.
Between the past and future.
Re-Awakening the Sacred Blood Line of the Ancestral Mother Willing Her born.
I am the Rising Daughter.
Answering Her Call.
(Rekha Kodialbail, 2011)
The last 12 months of my life has been an immersion—preparation, self-reflection, looking for the coresearchers, meeting them, hearing their stories, and later writing their stories—and through this entire journey, I have constantly redefined, reclaimed, and revisited my own story. This has been the one of the most transformational journeys I have undertaken in my life so far.
Today I stand at the doorstep of my matriliny bearing fruits of wisdom from my mother and grandmothers. Although it might be difficult to draw conclusions based on such a small set of interviews, and because this is a journey I will likely be on for the rest of my life; conclusions will surely keep evolving. However, it is clearly evident through the stories of three generations of women—the grandmothers, my mother, and I—that in the last century Kerala made a dramatic shift from a sexually-open socially-safe mother-centered matrilineal joint family structure to a sexually-uptight socially-unsafe father-centered patrilineal nuclear family life. This shift has affected the psyches of men and women alike and plagued the society with innumerable problems of sexual abuse, domestic violence, suicide, depression, alcoholism, and more. Surprisingly, discussions in media, newspapers, and literature on solutions to these issues lack any mention of this shift in the matrilineal past of Kerala, and in this section I am daring to consciously investigate it.
In my grandmother’s Kerala, obligatory menarche rituals grandly celebrated the daughter’s auspiciousness and consciously prepared her in her relationship with her own body and sexuality, as well as with a man, as she blossomed from a young girl into a sexually mature woman. Today, menarche (thirandukulli) ritual has disappeared, and marriage has emerged as the most defining ritual in a woman’s life. In the absence of these earlier Nayar female-centered rituals, female (and male) gender construction is informed by orthodox religious (Christian, Islam, and Hindu) doctrines, media, movies, and popular literature obsessed with the annihilation of sexual desires, disregard for body and sexuality, and the objectification of the female body. These values have affected men and women’s relationships with the body and sexuality, moving from a naturally shy embodied experience to an unnaturally shameful objectified experience. Furthermore the concepts of eternalized romance, God-like husbands, and subservient chaste wives have given rise to unrealistic expectations in a marriage that were completely absent in my mother and grandmothers’ generations. I projected many romantic expectations on my husband, which he was not prepared to fulfill. Looking back, I feel if I had been guided by my matriliny in the awareness of my body and sexuality, and had the opportunity to openly discuss with women from my taravad sexual fantasies, men, and marriage, I would have faced the challenges in my marriage sooner than I did.
I also observed that in matrilineal Kerala, all the three grandmothers had the confidence to return to their mother’s homes anytime without shame or guilt in the event of the slightest abuse or violence from the husband or his family, mainly because the daughter was openly valued in the culture, and her happiness was connected to the auspiciousness and prosperity of the taravad and its lineage. In fact, matrilineal values were the lived experience of my grandmothers and my parents. On the contrary, matrilineal knowing had no reference in my memory. Many women in Kerala may not have that choice, or like me, they do not know that they have that choice, continuing to stay in abusive or challenging marriages to avoid shaming their parents. Less than a century ago, the daughter did not leave her matriliny after marriage; leaving the taravad was not considered in her interest or that of the matriliny. Sadly, women of my generation have not inherited this experience.
Today the younger generation of Kerala are on a fast track to ape the moralities and values of western civilization in clothing, gestures, language, food, behavior, and attitude; this is deeply concerning. In my 14 years of living in the United States and teaching leadership programs in schools and colleges, I have seen the wrath inflicted on young minds by the objectification of the female body in media and movies, with shockingly high numbers of acts of violence toward women in the United States. According to the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (Black et al., 2011), nearly 1 in 5 women in the United States have been raped in their lives; more than 1 in 3 women have experienced rape, physical violence, and/or stalking by an intimate partner (current or former husband, cohabiting partner, boyfriend, or date) in their lifetime, and about 1 in 4 women have experienced severe physical violence by an intimate partner (e.g., hit with a fist or something hard, beaten, slammed against something) at some point in their lifetime. The documentary, Miss Representation (released in October 2011) reveals startling statistics on the misrepresentation of women in the media, and media’s consistent effort to portray women as sex objects and subordinate to men. These images are affecting the minds of young boys and girls further perpetuating the cycle of sexual violence in the society.
In recent years, I have observed this trend of misrepresentation of women penetrate Malayalam cinema and Television culture, portraying women’s liberation to mean drinking alcohol, smoking, gossiping, using foul language, having sex anywhere with any man, having fewer clothes on the body, and using sexually provocative gestures with the sole purpose of drawing attention to the female body for sexual fulfillment; men are stereotyped to express overly masculine traits of power, aggression, and lack of sensitivity. These objectifying stereotypes are influencing the quality of relationship between men and women in the culture of Kerala, changing them from intimate friendships to interactions based on fear and abuse. Are we trying to match our numbers with the West in terms of violence toward women?
With modernization there is an urgent need to understand and redefine freedom in the social organization of Kerala. The Nayar grandmothers living within marumakkathayam system might not have had the freedom to do as they pleased (to pursue further education or work to earn a livelihood—all of which I had); however, they had a community of women and men who cherished and honored them. They enjoyed natural freedom in their nude feminine bodies without fear of objectification and judgment, a true freedom that lays the foundation for the blossoming of a complete embodied woman as opposed to a “woman who has been stripped of Goddess recognition and diminished to a big ass and full breast for physical comfort only” (Pinkett-Smith, 2012, para. 1).
I wish every daughter of Kerala could be empowered by her maternal family to stand tall in her body and sexuality, confidently choosing the life she wants to lead (whether single or married), the career she wants to engage in (engineer, doctor, artist, musician, social worker, teacher, and more) and being supported in that journey. In addition, every son also needs to be guided to see a woman as his equal partner in relationships of marriage. In the matrilineal past, women owned property, which gave them immense strength and independence. How can we revive that tradition and make our daughter’s financially self-reliant, so that they may be equal partners in marriage and not a dependency on the husband? Furthermore, as a culture we need to honor matrilineal relationships and keep them alive and active even after marriage (especially in the case of our daughters). I understand that Kerala cannot go back to the marumakkathayam (matrilineal) social organization, but we can engage in open dialogues on the shift from matrilineal to patrilineal social organization, making efforts to adopt matrilineal values for defining egalitarian gender roles for men and women as husbands and wives, fathers and mothers, and daughters and sons.
I have made a commitment to support women’s journeys into spirituality, and to empower the younger generation of women in Kerala to create space in their lives for honoring their bodies and sexuality as sacred and auspicious, in order for them to become powerful social change agents in their communities. Furthermore, I would like to expand my scope of interviews to include more grandmothers, mothers, and daughters across the depth and breadth of Kerala in the next couple of years, and create socially active matriarchal platforms (or centers) in the state to pass on the lived memories of the matrilineal generation to the sons and daughters of patrilineal Kerala.
Before Bhagawathi unleashes Her wrath upon us for our continued negligence and ignorance, I call upon the daughters (and sons) of Kerala to join me in this journey to redefine, reclaim and re-inform our bodies and sexuality through the matrilineal wisdom of our mothers and grandmothers, so that we may consciously dye the cultural fabric of our next generation through our acquired matrilineal wisdom.